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What is a scoping review?

A scoping review is an evidence synthesis approach used to systematically identify, map and describe the available research on a broad topic. Unlike systematic reviews, which evaluate the quality of studies and synthesise findings, a scoping review aims to provide an overview of the landscape of evidence, regardless of study type, methodology or source.


Scoping reviews are particularly useful when a research area is complex, emerging or poorly understood, and when researchers need to clarify what evidence exists before undertaking a more focused review or primary study.


What scoping reviews typically involve

Scoping reviews generally seek to:

  • Systematically identify existing evidence on a topic
  • Map the range, nature and extent of research available
  • Include a broad variety of sources (e.g., primary studies, reviews and non-empirical literature)
  • Summarise what is known and where gaps or inconsistencies exist
  • Provide direction for future research or systematic reviews


These reviews help researchers and decision-makers understand what evidence is available before formulating specific research questions.


Key features of scoping reviews

  • Broad scope: Designed to cover wide-ranging topics or emerging areas
  • Inclusive evidence base: Draws from multiple study types and evidence sources
  • Systematic process: Uses structured methods for searching, selecting and charting data
  • Mapping focus: Emphasises describing rather than evaluating evidence
  • Foundation-building: Supports conceptual clarification and future inquiry


Benefits of scoping reviews

  • Mapping the research available on a topic
  • Identifying gaps in the literature
  • Clarifying concepts and definitions
  • Informing systematic reviews and primary studies
  • Supporting strategic decisions about where further research is needed


Limitations of scoping reviews

  • No quality assessment of the included studies
  • Potential for bias in study selection or interpretation
  • Limited depth of evidence synthesis
  • Time and resource intensive when the literature base is large
  • Less suitable for answering narrow or highly specific research questions


When should you use a scoping review?

Use a scoping review when you want to:

  • Explore the breadth and diversity of evidence on a topic
  • Understand what types of studies have been conducted
  • Identify gaps or under-researched areas
  • Clarify key concepts, definitions or frameworks
  • Determine whether a systematic review is feasible or needed
  • Inform the design of future primary research
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